Location: |
Western Cameroon |
Population: |
20,000 |
Language: |
Bangwa (Macro-Bantu) |
Neighboring Peoples: |
Fontem, Mbo |
Types of Art: |
Most Bangwa statues are royal portraits, which are kept in royal
shrines along with the skulls of the ancestors. Frightening masks
associated with the Night society are employed by the chief to maintain
social order. Beautiful beadwork associated with the Fon is common
throughout this area. |
History: |
The Cameroon Grasslands is a large cultural area, which is inhabited
by a large number of related peoples. These peoples can be divided into
three smaller subgroups: Bamileke, Bamum, and Bamenda Tikar. The Bangwa
are one of the numerous smaller ethnic groups within the Bamileke complex.
They are loosely affiliated with other groups in the complex, sharing many
historical and political similarities while retaining their separate
identity. All members of this group originally came from an area to the
north and migrated in various complex patterns throughout the last several
centuries. Fulani traders moving steadily southwards into Cameroon in the
17th century forced the southern drift of most of the current residents.
The Bangwa were only officially separated from the Bamileke during
colonial administration during the early 20th century. |
Economy: |
People in the region played an important part in regional trade routes
connecting with the seaport of Douala in the south and with Fulani and
Hausa traders in the north. The Bangwa, like most of the people in this
area, are historically farmers who grow maize, yams, and peanuts as staple
crops. They also raise some livestock, including chickens and goats, which
play an important role in daily sustenance. Women, who are believed to
make the soil more fruitful, are responsible for the tasks of planting and
harvesting the crops. Men are responsible for clearing the fields for
planting and practice some nominal hunting. The Bangwa also developed
trade relations with their neighbors living in southeastern Nigeria.
|
Political Systems: |
Authority among the Bangwa was traditionally instituted as part of the
Bamileke political complex. Like most of the western Grasslands people,
Babanki political authority is vested in a village chief, who is supported
by a council of elders, and is called Fon. The Fon is elected to his
position by his predecessor's council and is often an elder member of the
most powerful extended family within the community. The chief is
recognized as the de facto owner of all the land that belongs to a given
village and is seen as the dispenser of supreme justice. Social behavior
within the village is further controlled through a series of extensive
age-grade associations and secret societies, both of which fall under the
auspices of the village chief. |
Religion: |
Like the Bamileke, the Bangwa recognize a supreme god (Si), but more
commonly pay homage to their ancestors. Ancestral spirits are embodied in
the skulls of the deceased ancestors. The skulls are in the possession of
the eldest living male in each lineage, and all members of an extended
family recognize the skulls as common heritage. When a family decides to
relocate, a dwelling, which must be first purified by a diviner, is built
to house the skulls in the new location. Although not all of the ancestral
skulls are in the possession of a family, the memories of all ancestors
are honored. The spirits of ancestors whose skulls are not preserved have
nowhere to reside and may as a result cause trouble for the family. To
compensate when a man's skull is not preserved, a family member must
undergo a ceremony in which libations are poured into the ground. Earth
gathered from the site of that offering then represents the skull of the
deceased. Respect is also paid to female skulls, although details about
such practices are largely unrecorded. |