Location: |
Congo
(Zaire), western Zambia,
northern Angola |
Population: |
175,000 |
Language: |
Cilunda, Kiluba (Bantu) |
Neighboring Peoples: |
Yaka, Suku,
Chokwe, Pende,
Lwalwa, Luluwa,
Luba, Lwena, Salampasu |
Types of Art: |
Although it is impossible to isolate specific examples of Lunda art,
their political activity in the region and their patronage of artists
living in neighboring ethnic groups influenced the artistic styles found
throughout the region. It is believed that all objects historically linked
to the Lunda were originally carved by neighbors, including Chokwe, Luba,
Ding, and Lwena. |
History: |
Lunda history is intricately tied to the peoples living throughout the
entire region of south central Congo (Zaire), western Zambia, and northern
Angola. From the early 17th century until the late 19th century when the
Chokwe took over regional power, the Lunda empire was the dominant
political and military force in this area of Africa. A political union
with the neighboring Luba peoples dates back to a royal wedding between
Lweji, daughter of a Lunda land chief, and Cibinda Ilunga, son of the
first Luba king, Kalala Ilunga. Following this union many dissatisfied
clans left the centralized Lunda area and colonized new areas of central
Africa, extending the Lunda empire enormously. Lunda influence remained
considerable from Lake Tanganyika almost to the Atlantic Ocean, until
Chokwe and then colonial interventions diminished their power. |
Economy: |
The economic pursuits of Lunda peoples are dictated by the region in
which they live. Those who live along the rivers and ponds which are
common in southern Congo (Zaire) are fishermen. Women farm maize, millet,
yams, sorghum, squash, beans, sweet potatoes, palm oil trees, and tobacco.
Since the 17th century trade between the Lunda and the Shaba province to
the east has played an important role in regional economics. During the
height of Lunda influence their traders played an important role in the
slave and ivory trade that moved goods and people from central Africa to
the coasts for international export. Hunting plays an important social and
ritual role. |
Political Systems: |
The head of the Lunda is entitled Mwaat Yaav and, together with a
council of royal dignitaries, was at one time responsible for overseeing
political decisions for the entire kingdom. Localized politics were
presided over by land chiefs, who wielded a great deal of religious power,
and by administrators appointed by the royal court. The majority of the
Lunda kingdom was ruled indirectly with traditional leaders in individual
regions given the opportunity to make local decisions, as long as proper
tribute was paid to the Lunda overlords. It is believed that the Lunda may
have at one time been patrilineal, but as they conquered and incorporated
various ethnic groups that were matrilineal, their political system
transformed to reflect a preference for matrilineal descent. |
Religion: |
Nzambi is recognized as the supreme creator god, and appeals are never
made directly to him. Instead, ancestor spirits, who are responsible for
doing both good and bad, are called upon to fulfill individual and
community requests at all major community functions. Divination plays an
important role in maintaining a system of balance in the community,
determining which spirits require appeasement and when such activities
should occur. Basket divination and rubbing oracles are the most common
forms of divination among the Lunda. Trees are planted in a sacred grove
during chiefly succession rites to represent the ancestors of the current
chief. |